![]() The greater pre-potency of reading words over-reporting color causes interference, manifested as a slowing of decisional latency and activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). 1), in which participants are required to name the color (e.g., green) of the ink used to print words whose meaning is incongruent with that color (e.g, RED). ![]() The typical example is the much-used Stroop interference paradigm (see Fig. This seminal account of the role of PFC in CC essentially consists of the contextual biasing of attention (for example, via instructions) to resolve conflicts and exert attentional control. ![]() They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task” (p. Miller and Cohen (2001) proposed that “ stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the PFC that represent goals and the means to achieve them. One would expect the absence of CC to produce automatic behavior controlled responding is goal-directed and flexible. ![]() This process has many similarities with the distinction between controlled and automatic responding, which approximately aligns with the learning theory distinction between goal-directed and habitual responding. In both cases, a core process of behavioral regulation is envisaged that optimises goal-directed behavior and counters automaticity. Deriving from a cybernetic and cognitive neuroscience perspective, CC has often been considered synonymous with the earlier notion of executive function (EF), which has its roots in studies of clinical neuropsychology. Consequently, there is a considerable premium on elucidating the basic psychological and neuronal mechanisms underlying the PFC’s role within the neural networks that regulate behavior and cognition.ĬC is a term usually associated with the healthy functioning of the PFC and related regions such as the cingulate cortex. Many psychiatric disorders and neurological conditions are associated with deficits in cognitive control (CC) and/or dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its associated circuitry. The relationships of CC with the general factor of psychopathology (p) and dimensional constructs such as impulsivity in large scale developmental and adult populations are considered, as well as implications for genetic studies and RDoC approaches to psychiatric classification. Impairments in CC are considered as possible causes of psychiatric symptoms and consequences of disorders. Its Common CC component is shown to be distinct from general intelligence ( g) and closely related to response inhibition. CC is also considered in the context of motivation, as “cool” and “hot” forms. ![]() These constructs are considered against the cellular and systems neurobiology of PFC and what is known of its functional neuroanatomical or network organization based on lesioning, neurochemical, and neuroimaging approaches across species. A psychometric approach shows unity and diversity in CC constructs, with 3 components in the most commonly studied constructs: general or common CC and components specific to mental set shifting and working memory updating. Concepts of cognitive control (CC) and executive function (EF) are defined in terms of their relationships with goal-directed behavior versus habits and controlled versus automatic processing, and related to the functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and related regions and networks. ![]()
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